October 23, 2025
Judgment in Dr Rachael Kent v (1) Apple Inc. & (2) Apple Distribution International Ltd Based in Part on Hal Singer’s Analysis
Dr. Hal Singer’s expert economic analyses and methodology for the UK consumer indirect purchaser Plaintiffs case was cited extensively in the United Kingdom’s Competition Appeal Tribunal’s Judgment regarding Apple’s abuse of its monopoly power in the iOS App Store. Dr. Singer’s reports helped address issues of market definition, dominance, exclusionary abuses and anticompetitive effects, incidence, and quantum. The tribunal found that Apple was dominant in markets for iOS App Distribution Services and iOS In-App Payment Services, and that Apple abused its dominant position by foreclosing competition in both markets. To reach these conclusions, the tribunal relied in part on the expert economic analyses proffered by Dr. Hal Singer. The Tribunal described Dr. Singer as “impressive witness who had a very good grasp of the wide range of complex issues covered in his report” and found that his “evidence was very helpful.”
Damages in the cases are currently valued at about 1.5 billion pounds, a hearing next month will determine how damages are calculated and handle Apple’s application for permission to appeal.
Dr. Singer was assisted by Senior Managing Economist Augustus Urschel, who managed the case. Dr. Singer and Mr. Urschel were supported by researchers such as Jacob Linger, Kavya Kalia, Andrew Vandenbussche, and Gavin Sicard.
Read the full judgment here.
